A few days
before the visit in November, 2003, of the United States President,
George Bush, to the United Kingdom, the British press speculated
to no end about the extraordinary security measures that would
be taken to protect the visiting president against possible
terrorist attacks. In addition to fretting about such routine
measures as street closures and associated traffic jams, the
press also indulged in speculating about the possibility of
blocking cell phone signals along the routes to be taken by
President Bush during his visit. This apparently innocuous
speculation was no figment of the imagination of the English
press because terrorists have been known before then, to have
utilised cell phone signals for the remote detonation of bombs
and explosives.
One often cited
example in that connection is the near-successful attempt
by Palestinian militants in May 2002, to cause a major explosion
in Tel Aviv by placing an explosive wired to a cell phone
in a fuel truck destined for Israel’s largest fuel depot.
Although the attack was not successful to the extent that
the fire that resulted from the explosion was quickly put
out, that event revealed an important possibility of cell
phone use in terrorist acts. And it is not surprising therefore
that the pioneers in the design of cell phone blocker that
can block the operations of cell phones, had backgrounds in
Israeli military intelligence. Their company’s first
cellular jamming product is a device that is designed to prevent
cell phone communications in selected areas of a building
or open space.
According to
the partners, their activities in the design of cell phone
detectors and mobile phone blocker began when they realised
that there was a market for counter espionage associated with
the use of cell phones, after some slight modifications, as
‘bugging’ devices. A business operator, espionage
operator, could conveniently ‘forget’ this suitably
modified cell phone in the boardroom of a target company.
This ‘innocuous looking, ubiquitous object’, could
then be called from anywhere in the world, (without giving
a ringing tone and with its screen remaining blank) to enable
the intruder listen to an otherwise confidential conversation.
However, because cell phones are obliged to periodically register
with the network, for location update purposes, by transmitting
signals at pre-arranged intervals to the serving base station,
a cellular activity analyser can detect cell phone activity,
even when the mobile station is in the idle mode. One particular
brand of phone blocker (the cell phone detector plus) has
the capability of detecting two-way radio and mobile communications
in the continuous frequency range extending from 400MHz to
2GHz. This call blocker, can be moved around or mounted on
the wall, and under optimum conditions, has a range of between
2 meters and 30 meters, for all major communications standards.
Cell phone blockers
are regarded as cheap and ready weapons in the fight against
kidnappers and extortionists who, in some countries, operate
with cell phones located inside prisons and jails.
In addition
to such security reasons as those described earlier, a number
of compelling reasons have been advanced to support arguments
in favour of using mobile phone blockers and signal blocker.
For example, it is well-known that many cell phone users lack
the courtesy to switch off their handsets in public places
and places of worship. Mobile units consequently disturb such
social functions as weddings, films, worship sessions in churches
and mosques and lectures, when they ring up loudly. Phone
Blocker is designed to eliminate these sources of disturbance
and irritation by ensuring that the potentially offending
mobile units do not operate where they may constitute a nuisance.
Cell phone blocker
design depends on the knowledge of the portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum over which the cell phones operate, as well as the
power levels at which the cellular communications activities
are carried on. With this knowledge, all a phone blocker has
to do is transmit on those channels, using higher power levels,
which signal blocker then harmfully interferes with the ability
of the mobile station to communicate with the serving cell,
base station and hence, the network. A typical gsm blocker
has an output power level in the neighbourhood of 20mW, which
is far larger than the power levels utilised in most mobile
telephony communications. Effective cellular jamming range
is between 10 meters and 25 meters, depending on cellular
system type and location. When the mobile blocker is switched
on, the screen of the victim mobile station will simply indicate
that it is not receiving any signal from the network (‘no
network’), and the phone user will not even realise
that the unit has been jammed.
With the exception
of Israel, Japan, India, and few other countries, the use
of phone blockers is illegal. Regulators in those countries
insist that the use must remain illegal because the network
operators paid for the licenses to operate the network and
consequently, acquiring certain ‘property rights’
in the process. Cellular Jamming signals associated with their
operations, they argue, translate to infringements on those
rights, which the regulator is bound by the terms of the license
to protect. Opponents of the use of the call blockers further
insist that jamming cell phones amounts to infringing on the
individual rights of the users. As Travis Larson (said to
be spokesman for the Cellular Industry Association) puts it,
“you are not allowed to barricade the street in front
of your house just because of ambulances”, thus supporting
the view that jamming has the potential of blocking important
emergency calls. Proponents of cellular jamming on the other
hand, insist that ‘phoning is not a right, but privilege;
and in some places phoning is as repulsive as smoking’.
One respondent
to a survey carried out in Australia on the subject maintains
that whereas he is, as a matter of convenience, in support
of the use of mobile phone blockers, when it came to returning
emergency calls from his children, every other consideration
becomes secondary. Many others subscribe to what appears to
a compromise solution. This class of contributors to the debate
suggest that laws may be reviewed to permit jamming in high
risk areas such as fuel stations and aeroplane in-flight situations
and that if technology advances enough, cellular jamming could
be permitted in limited and restricted areas including the
premises of banks, restaurants, cinema houses, places of worship
and certain other similar public places as may be desirable.
In such cases, legal parameters for gsm blockers use could
be set, including a regulator permission requirement.
Meanwhile, the debate continues,
but chances are that technology will advance to the point of
producing phone blocker that are smart enough not to breach
the property rights of network operators, while enabling those
wishing to do so, to somehow jam cell phones in a manner permitted
by the law.